| 中国北方地区春玉米干旱的时间演变特征和空间分布规律 |
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| 引用本文： | 董朝阳,杨晓光,杨婕,解文娟,叶清,赵锦,李克南.中国北方地区春玉米干旱的时间演变特征和空间分布规律[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(20):4234-4245. |
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| 作者姓名： | 董朝阳 杨晓光 杨婕 解文娟 叶清 赵锦 李克南 |
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| 基金项目： | “十二五”国家科技支撑计划课题（2012BAD20B04）、国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费（200903007） |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】研究北方地区春玉米各生育阶段干旱年代际演变特征及空间分布规律。【方法】基于研究区域1961—2010年291个气象站点的逐日气象资料以及春玉米生育期资料，利用农业干旱指标作物水分亏缺指数（CWDI），明确了研究区域春玉米干旱的年代际演变特征及空间分布规律。【结果】西北地区春玉米水分亏缺指数年际间波动平稳，华北和东北地区在20世纪80和90年代波动较为剧烈；华北地区春玉米水分亏缺指数在抽雄—成熟阶段明显低于其余两个阶段，东北、西北地区各生育阶段变化不明显；华北中部地区干旱等级的年代间波动明显。北方地区春玉米干旱等级和干旱发生频率的空间分布均呈现西高东低、北高南低的形势，西北地区最高、华北地区次之，东北地区最低；各旱级干旱频率的空间分布以特旱和轻旱最为明显，其中特旱主要集中发生在新疆大部、甘肃北部、内蒙古西北部等地区，发生频率在3年2遇以上，而轻旱主要集中在东北大部、华北大部以及西北东南部地区，发生频率在5年1遇以上。中旱和特旱主要集中发生在华北地区以及西北东部地区，频率均在5年1遇以上，并且随生育阶段更替有减轻的趋势。【结论】北方地区春玉米农业干旱指标CWDI年代间波动以华北、东北地区较为剧烈，且从20世纪80年代以来波动有上升的趋势。干旱的等级和频率空间分布均呈现明显的东西向分布。各旱级中特旱频率呈西高东低分布，生育后期在区域上呈扩大趋势，轻旱频率呈东高西低分布，生育后期有加重趋势，中旱和重旱频率呈中高东西低分布，生育后期在区域和程度上均呈下降趋势；生育阶段间旱级变化敏感的区域主要是新疆北部和华北中部地区。
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| 关 键 词： | 中国北方 春玉米 干旱 作物水分亏缺指数 时空分布 |
| 收稿时间： | 2013-02-04 |
The Temporal Variation Characteristics and Spatial Distribution Laws of Drought of Spring Maize in Northern China |
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| Affiliation: | 1.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193;
2.College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161;
3.College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】 The tendency of inter-decadal evolution characteristics and spatial distribution laws of drought of spring maize at each growth stage in northern China were studied. 【Method】 Based on the daily meteorological data and spring maize growing records of 291 meteorological stations during 1961-2010 in the study area, the tendency of inter-decadal evolution characteristics and spatial distribution laws of drought of spring maize in the study area were analyzed using the crop water deficit index as the agricultural drought index.【Result】As for the CWDI of spring maize, the fluctuations in different years in Northwest China was steady, while in the other two areas in 1980s and 1990s the fluctuations were relatively severe. And the CWDI of spring maize at the stage of tasselling to maturation in North China was lower than the other two stages significantly, while the changes in Northeast China and Northwest China at different growth stages were not obvious. There was a significant fluctuation of the classification of drought during different decades in the central region of North China. The spatical distributions of the classification and frequency of drought of spring maize in northern China showed higher in west and north and lower in east and south, they both had the highest value in Northwest China, followed by North China, and the lowest value in Northeast China. Results showed a significant spatial distribution of the frequency of extreme drought and light drought. The extreme drought was mainly concentrated in most of Xinjiang, the north part of Gansu and the northwest reigon of Inner Mongolia. It occurred two times or above in three years. While the light drought was mainly concentrated in most of Northeast China, most of North China and the southeast part of Northwest China. It occurred one time or above in five years. Moderate drought and severe drought were mainly concentrated in North China and the east part of Northwest China. They occurred one time or above in five years, and they had a decreasing trend with growth stages changing. 【Conclusion】 As for the CWDI of spring maize in northern China, the fluctuations in different years in North China and Northeast China were relatively severe, and there was an upward trend since 1980s. The spatical distributions of the classification and frequency of drought indicated a significant east-west distribution. The extreme drought happened in higher frequency in the west and lower in the east, and it has expended in the stage of tasselling to maturation, on the contrary, the light drought occurred in higher frequency in the east and lower in the west, and it had increased at the stages of tasselling to maturation. As for the moderate drought and severe drought, they both showed a higher frequency in central regions and a lower frequency in east and west regions, and they decreased both in area and degree at the stages of tasselling to maturation. The sensitive area of drought grade variation at different growth stages were the north part of Xinjiang and the central region of North China. |
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| Keywords: | Northern China spring maize drought crop water deficit index spatial-temporal characteristics |
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