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壶瓶枣果实发育过程中果柄导管形态变化与裂果关系
引用本文:丁改秀,王保明,王小原,仓国营,陈晓斌,牛兴艳,纪薇,张鹏飞,温鹏飞.壶瓶枣果实发育过程中果柄导管形态变化与裂果关系[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(24):4886-4894.
作者姓名:丁改秀  王保明  王小原  仓国营  陈晓斌  牛兴艳  纪薇  张鹏飞  温鹏飞
基金项目:山西省科技攻关项目(20110311012-5,20130311022-6)、山西省农业科学院重点项目(YZD1006)、山西省农业技术推广示范行动项目(2011-164、2012-294)
摘    要:【目的】阐明壶瓶枣果实发育过程中果柄导管形态及运输效率的变化,明确果实通过维管束系统吸水与其裂果的关系,完善枣裂果机理。【方法】以壶瓶枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill. cv. Huping)为试材,于白熟期(8月19日)开始对选定枣树进行定量灌溉处理,每7 d测定、灌溉一次,使处理组土壤含水量维持在田间最大持水量的(80±5)%,对照组的土壤含水量控制在田间最大持水量的(20±5)%。于果实发育后期分别调查降雨前(9月18日)、降雨后(9月22日)枣果的裂果率;分别在幼果期(7月28日)、白熟期(8月15日)、半红期(9月5日)和全红期(9月17日)进行采样,跟踪枣果实发育进程。品红示踪试验中采用二次枝浸泡和枣吊浸泡两种形式,观察不同时期二次枝、枣吊和果柄维管束系统运输效率的变化;取健康枣果的果柄进行石蜡切片,经FAA液固定、常规方法包埋、制作切片、番红-固绿复染,观察枣果果柄导管形态随果实发育的变化规律。【结果】裂果率调查结果显示,枣果发育后期灌溉和对照两种处理的裂果率分别为2.60%和2.58%,二者间差异不显著,表明充足灌溉并未引起裂果;降雨后,灌溉组和对照组处理的裂果率与降雨前相比均显著升高,分别达到42.90%和40.80%,且两组间差异并不显著,表明降雨会明显导致裂果率上升。品红示踪试验结果表明,在整个果实发育期,品红溶液均能通过二次枝顺畅运送至枣吊,但能否运送至枣果与果实发育期密切相关。幼果期,品红溶液在5 min之内便可顺利输送至枣果,且输送数量和范围随着时间延长而逐渐增大;随着果实发育,品红运输至枣果的难度逐渐增大,白熟期时处理40 min后仅有少许品红输送至枣果;至半红期和全红期,品红溶液几乎不能输送至枣果,这表明果柄可能是品红不能顺利运输至枣果的主要障碍。石蜡切片结果表明,幼果期正常导管所占比例为97.22%,白熟期时正常导管的比例下降至34.95%,且开始出现断裂、退化和畸形,半红期和全红期正常导管的比例仅剩13%左右,导管断裂、退化和畸形进一步加剧,并且开始出现导管堵塞现象,且全红期导管堵塞的数量和程度均高于半红期。【结论】壶瓶枣果实发育后期,果柄导管出现断裂、畸形、退化、堵塞等现象,其运输能力受损或丧失,导致根系吸收的水分难以通过“根系-枝干-二次枝-枣吊-果柄-果实”维管束系统大量进入果实,从而不会引发大量裂果。

关 键 词:壶瓶枣  裂果  果柄  导管
收稿时间:2014-05-05

Changes of Anatomical Structure of Xylem Vessels in Stalk During Huping Jujube Fruit Development and Its Relation of Fruit Cracking
DING Gai-xiu,WANG Bao-ming,WANG Xiao-yuan,CANG Guo-ying,CHEN Xiao-bin,NIU Xing-yan,JI Wei,ZHANG Peng-fei,WEN Peng-fei.Changes of Anatomical Structure of Xylem Vessels in Stalk During Huping Jujube Fruit Development and Its Relation of Fruit Cracking[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(24):4886-4894.
Authors:DING Gai-xiu  WANG Bao-ming  WANG Xiao-yuan  CANG Guo-ying  CHEN Xiao-bin  NIU Xing-yan  JI Wei  ZHANG Peng-fei  WEN Peng-fei
Affiliation:1.Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031;2.College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
Abstract:【Objective】In order to provide a reliable evidence for better understanding the mechanism of fruit cracking, the changes of anatomical structure and the transport efficiency of xylem vessels in stalk during Huping jujube development were studied. 【Method】 The soil water content was measured and the Huping jujube was irrigated by quantitative calculation at white-ripe stage. The soil water content of irrigation treatment and CK were kept of (80%±5)% and (20%±5)% by controlling irrigation. The cracking rates were investigated before and after rainfall, and the crack length more than 5 mm and lost business values was considered as fruit cracking. The sampling was finished at young fruit stage, white-ripe stage, part-red stage and full-red stage, respectively. The changes of transport efficiency of vessels in secondary branches, shedding shoot and stalk were studied by magenta tracer. In order to find out the changes of anatomical structure of vessels in stalk during the fruit development, the stalk were sampled and fixed in FAA fixative, conventional methods of embedding, making slices, fast green and safranin staining. 【Result】 The cracking rate of CK and irrigation treatment were 2.60% and 2.58%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between CK and irrigation treatment before rainfall. The rapid increasing of cracking rate was occurred after rainfall, and the cracking rates of CK and irrigation treatment were 42.9% and 40.80%, respectively, while there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The results of magenta tracer showed that the speed of magenta solution transport depend on fruit developmental periods, while it could be transported to the shedding shoot at any stage of fruit development. During the young fruit stage, magenta solution could be transported into the fruit in 5 minutes, and the quantity and distribution were increased with the soaking time, while it would take 40 minutes at the white stage, and it was nearly couldn’t be seen at part-red stage and full-red stage fruit. The above results indicated that the stalk maybe the main obstacle of magenta solution transport. During the fruit development, the percentage of the normal vessels reduced from 97.22% at young fruit stage to 34.95% at white stage, and the percentage reduced to 13% rapidly at part-red stage and full-red stage. The results of paraffin slice indicated that there were breakage, degeneration and blocking appeared in xylem vessels of stalk at white stage, and it kept getting worse during the fruit development. While the blocking was observed at part-red stage, and they were increased in numbers and extent at full-red stage.【Conclusion】All the results of this study suggested that the breakage, degeneration, malformation, and blocking in xylem vessels of stalk were appeared at the late development stage of Huping jujube, and the transport efficiency of xylem vessels was decreased or lost, which results in the transport blocking of water absorbed by root through “root-stem-secondary branch-shedding-stalk-fruit”. Endogenous water can’t cause a lot of fruit cracking.
Keywords:Huping jujube  fruit cracking  stalk  xylem vessel
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