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秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响
引用本文:葛顺峰,彭玲,任饴华,姜远茂.秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(2):366-373.
作者姓名:葛顺峰  彭玲  任饴华  姜远茂
作者单位:山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
基金项目:现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-28)、公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103003)、山东省农业重大应用创新课题(201009)
摘    要:【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低,氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N标记示踪技术,研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化(树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留)的影响。试验共设4个处理:对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭(N+B)和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0—5 cm和5—10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理;两个添加外源碳的处理间,N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比,N+S和N+B处理的0—5 cm和5—10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g?cm-3和0.07、0.11 g?cm-3。与CK(18.32 cmol?kg-1)和N(19.61 cmol?kg-1)处理相比,N+S(22.27 cmol?kg-1)和N+B处理(25.35 cmol?kg-1)显著提高了0—10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量,并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低。与CK相比,3个施氮处理(N、N+S和N+B处理)的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比,添加外源碳的两个处理(N+S和N+B处理)显著减少了氨挥发损失量,以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比,3个施N处理(N、N+S和N+B处理)的N2O排放量均显著增加,以N+B处理最高,其次为N+S处理,N处理最低,可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加,但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后,N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量(氨挥发+N2O排放)占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失,以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤(0—50 cm)的15N残留量以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低;而深层土壤(50—100 cm)则以N处理最高,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间,N回收率(树体吸收+土壤残留)以N+B处理最高,为42.26%,其次为N+S处理(37.22%),N处理最低(31.54%);N损失率以N处理最高,为68.46%。其次为N+S处理(62.78%),N+B处理最低(57.74%)。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤阳离子交换量,促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮肥的气态损失,提高了氮肥利用率,其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。

关 键 词:苹果    秸秆    生物质炭    土壤容重    阳离子交换量    氮素吸收和损失
收稿时间:2013-06-23

Effect of Straw and Biochar on Soil Bulk Density,Cation Exchange Capacity and Nitrogen Absorption in Apple Orchard Soil
GE Shun-Feng,PENG Ling,REN Yi-Hua,JIANG Yuan-Mao.Effect of Straw and Biochar on Soil Bulk Density,Cation Exchange Capacity and Nitrogen Absorption in Apple Orchard Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(2):366-373.
Authors:GE Shun-Feng  PENG Ling  REN Yi-Hua  JIANG Yuan-Mao
Affiliation:College of Horticulture Science and Engineering of Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong
Abstract:【Objective】The soil organic carbon content is low but the nitrogen fertilizer application rate is high in apple orchards in China. This study was conducted in order to provide a theoretical basis for the appropriate application of straw and biochar in apple production. 【Method】Two-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Red Fuji/Malus hupehensis) trees were used to study the effect of straw and biochar on soil bulk density, cation exchange capacity (CEC), tree growth, and 15N transformation (tree uptake, ammonia volatilization, N2O emission, and soil residual) using 15N trace technique. There were four treatments: CK (control), N (only nitrogen fertilizer), N + B (nitrogen fertilizer + biochar) and N + S (nitrogen fertilizer + straw). 【Result】 The variation trend of soil bulk density in 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers was consistent in the four different treatments. There was no significant difference between CK and N treatment, but both were significantly higher than those in N + B and N + S treatments. For the two added exogenous carbon treatments, soil bulk density in N + B treatment was significantly lower than that of N + S treatment. Compared with the N treatment, soil bulk density in 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers in N + S and N + B treatments decreased by 0.06, 0.09 and 0.07, 0.11 g•cm-3, respectively. Compared with CK (18.32 cmol•kg-1) and N treatment (19.61 cmol•kg-1), the CEC of 0-10 cm soil layer increased significantly in N + S treatment (22.27 cmol•kg-1) and N + B treatment (25.35 cmol•kg-1). The highest total weight of apple trees, 15N uptake amount and 15N utilization efficiency existed in N + B treatment, followed by N + S treatment, and the lowest of those values were found in N treatment. Compared with CK, the amounts of ammonia volatilization significantly increased in the three N application treatments (N, N + S and N + B). Compared with N treatment, N + S and N + B treatments significantly reduced the N loss through ammonia volatilization, especially in N + B treatment. Compared with CK, the amounts of N2O emission were significantly increased in the three N application treatments (N, N + S and N + B), and the highest was found in N + B treatment, followed by N + S treatment, and N treatment was the lowest. So, addition of exogenous carbon could increase N2O emission rate, but no significant difference was found among the three nitrogen application treatments. When the CK background value was removed, total N gaseous losses (ammonia volatilization + N2O emissions) in N, N + S and N + B treatments accounted for the proportion of N application rate were 6.54%, 4.33% and 3.04%, respectively. The highest 15N residual rate in 0-50 cm soil layer was found in N + B treatment, followed by N + S and N treatment; while the highest 15N residual rate was found in N treatment, followed by N + S and N + B treatment in 50-100 cm. The highest N recovery rate was found in N + B treatment (42.26%), followed by N + S treatment (37.22%), and N treatment (31.54%) was the lowest; so the highest N loss rate appeared in N treatment (68.46%), followed by N + S treatment (62.78%) and N + B treatment (57.74%). 【Conclusion】Application of straw and biochar into apple orchard soil could decrease the soil bulk density, increase the soil cation exchange capacity, improve plant growth, promote N uptake by plant, increase the N fixed by soil and decrease N gaseous loss. The result will get better when application of biochar.
Keywords:apple  straw  biochar  soil bulk density  CEC  N absorption and loss
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