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农业管理措施对新垦荒漠沙地农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响
引用本文:苏永中,杨荣,杨晓,范桂萍.农业管理措施对新垦荒漠沙地农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(14):2867-2876.
作者姓名:苏永中  杨荣  杨晓  范桂萍
作者单位:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所临泽内陆河流域研究站/中国科学院内陆河流域重点实验室,兰州 73000
摘    要:【目的】通过在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田安排的田间试验,分析不同施肥措施、不同覆盖耕作管理和种植方式对沙地农田土壤有机碳(SOC)及其活性组分的短期影响,为新垦荒漠砂质农田土壤有机质快速提升和土壤培肥提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同农业管理措施下不同处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和有机碳不同组分包括颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、热水浸提有机碳(HWC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)。【结果】 不同施肥措施6年后,单施有机肥和有机无机配施处理耕层(0—20 cm)SOC和全氮含量分别增加32.1%—98.7%和1.5%—40.9%,以高量单施有机肥处理增幅最大,但单施高量氮、磷、钾化肥,SOC和TN仍维持在试验前的极低水平。不同覆盖和耕作处理4年后,SOC和TN含量较试验前分别增加5.4%—34.0%和9.3%—34.9%,少耕秸秆覆盖(RSM)处理增幅最大,RSM处理较常规耕作地膜覆盖(CK)SOC含量高27.2%,但在秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖下减少耕作对SOC的短期影响均不显著。种植10年的苜蓿地和5年苜蓿5年玉米地较连续种植10年的玉米地,SOC分别高72.7%和27.7%,TN含量分别高54.3%和17.1%。不同农业管理措施的不同处理之间,POC、EOC、HWC和MBC的变化趋势与SOC的变化基本一致,但处理之间的差异更大。高量施用有机肥、秸秆覆盖和苜蓿地的POC占总有机碳的比例显著高于其相应的其它处理。【结论】干旱区荒漠土壤开垦为灌溉农田后,增施有机肥、秸秆覆盖还田、种植多年生苜蓿或苜蓿插入轮作体系是快速提升SOC水平,培肥地力的有效措施。颗粒有机碳是指示SOC动态对短期农业管理措施响应的理想指标。

关 键 词:施肥  覆盖耕作  种植方式  土壤有机碳  有机碳组分  荒漠砂质土壤
收稿时间:2011-12-07

Effects of Agricultural Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon and Its Fractions in Newly Cultivated Sandy Soil in Northwest China
SU Yong-zhong , YANG Rong , YANG xiao , FAN Gui-ping.Effects of Agricultural Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon and Its Fractions in Newly Cultivated Sandy Soil in Northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(14):2867-2876.
Authors:SU Yong-zhong  YANG Rong  YANG xiao  FAN Gui-ping
Affiliation:(Linze Inland River Basin Research Station,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology in Inland River Basin,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000)
Abstract:【Objective】 Based on field experiments established on newly cultivated sandy farmlands in marginal oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin, the short-term effects of different fertilizations, mulching and tillage, cultivation pattern on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbon fractions were determined. The aim is to provide information for rapid enhancement of soil organic matter and soil fertility under soil management measurements. 【Method】 The concentrations of SOC, TN, and carbon fractions including particulate organic carbon (POC), hot-water extractable organic carbon (HWC), easily oxidation organic carbon (EOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were analyzed under different treatments of different agricultural managements. 【Result】The results showed that SOC and TN concentrations at the tillage layer (0-20 cm) under the treatments of farmyard manure application alone and combined manure with chemical fertilizers increased by 32.1%-98.7% and 1.5%-40.9% in comparison with the initial values 6 years ago at the beginning of experiment, with the highest increase in the treatment of maximum manure application alone. However, SOC and TN were still at very low levels, similar to the levels at the beginning of experiment under application of maximum N, P, and K chemical fertilizers alone. Following four years of different mulching and tillage managements, SOC and TN concentrations increased by 5.4%-34.0% and 9.3%-34.9%,with the highest increase in the straw mulching combined with reduced tillage treatment (RSM). RSM treatment increased SOC concentration by 27.2% compared with the plastic film mulching combined with conventional tillage (CK), while the short-term effect of reduced tillage on SOC was not significant under straw and plastic film mulching. SOC concentration increased by 72.7% and 27.7% under alfalfa field for 10 years and field for 5 years alfalfa following 5 years maize, respectively, compared to continuous 10 years maize treatment. Correspondingly, total N increased by 54.3% and 17.1%. The variation tread in POC, EOC, HWC and MBC among different treatments of different management practices was in accord with that of SOC, but the differences among treatments were more significant than that of SOC. The percentage of POC to SOC was greatly significant in the maximum manure application alone, straw mulching with reduced tillage and alfalfa for 10 years than that in the corresponding other treatments. 【Conclusion】Increasing manure application, returning crop residues to soil, and planting perennial alfalfa or placing alfalfa in crop rotation regime are effective measures for rapid increase of SOC and enhancement of soil quality following the conversion of sandy desert to irrigation farmland in arid region. POC is suggested as a sensitive indicator for reflecting the shot-term effect of agricultural management practices on SOC dynamics.
Keywords:fertilization  mulching and tillage  cultivation pattern  soil organic carbon  carbon fractions  sandy desert soil
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