| 缓释尿素一次性施用在玉米减氮增效中的作用 |
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| 引用本文： | 李欢,李扬,杨清夏,吴开贤,何澍然,赵平,张小卓,龙光强.缓释尿素一次性施用在玉米减氮增效中的作用[J].南方农业学报,2021,52(4):967-975. |
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| 作者姓名： | 李欢 李扬 杨清夏 吴开贤 何澍然 赵平 张小卓 龙光强 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 云南农业大学资源与环境学院, 昆明 650201;2. 农业农村部云南耕地保育科学观测实验站, 昆明 650201;3. 云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 昆明 650201;4. 云南绿之源肥业有限公司, 昆明 650699 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目（41967004）；云南省重点研发计划项目（2018BB015）；云南省中青年后备人才项目（2017HB027） |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】探讨缓释尿素减量对玉米产量和土壤养分供应的影响，为缓释氮肥在玉米减氮增效上的应用提供理论基础和实践依据。【方法】在常规施氮（普通尿素，施氮250 kg/ha）基础上，设减氮20%和40%的普通尿素与缓释尿素处理的田间小区试验，基于土壤氮供应和植株氮吸收动态、光合特征、氮同化关键酶活性及产量构成，评价缓释氮肥在玉米种植中的减氮增效潜力。【结果】与常规施氮相比，减氮20%处理的玉米产量无显著变化（P>0.05），但显著增加了收获指数（P<0.05，下同）；而减氮40%后玉米显著减产20.6%～22.5%；各减氮处理均导致地上部氮吸收量显著降低，减氮20%缓释尿素处理各生育期的地下部氮吸收量显著高于其他处理。减氮20%处理显著增加了氮肥表观利用率，提高了玉米叶片气孔导度和光合氮利用效率；减氮40%处理的氮吸收总量、净光合速率和光合氮利用效率显著下降。氮同化酶中谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷草转氨酶对减氮敏感，活性分别显著降低18.6%～61.0%和13.8%～29.7%。与常规施氮相比，减氮40%处理显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量（苗期除外）；减氮20%处理显著增加了各生育期的铵态氮含量。相关分析结果表明，产量与生物量、收获指数、氮吸收总量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光合氮利用率及小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期、抽穗期和成熟期的硝态氮含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01，下同），与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关，与秃尖长、谷氨酸合成酶及大喇叭口期和抽穗期的铵态氮含量呈显著正相关；氮肥表观利用率与收获指数呈显著正相关，与谷氨酸脱氢酶呈极显著负相关，与谷草转氨酶呈显著负相关。【结论】在常规施氮基础上减氮20%后，施用普通尿素和缓释尿素均可维持玉米产量，而减氮40%后玉米产量大幅下降；与普通尿素相比，缓释氮肥一次性施用无显著的减氮增效优势。导致减氮后玉米产量变化的主要影响因素是氮吸收总量、光合氮利用效率和土壤硝态氮含量。
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| 关 键 词： | 缓释尿素 减氮增效 玉米产量 氮肥表观利用率 氮同化酶 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-08-19 |
Effects of slow-release urea one-time application on nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement in maize cropping |
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| LI Huan,LI Yang,YANG Qing-xia,WU Kai-xian,HE Shu-ran,ZHAO Ping,ZHANG Xiao-zhuo,LONG Guang-qiang.Effects of slow-release urea one-time application on nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement in maize cropping[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2021,52(4):967-975. |
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| Authors: | LI Huan LI Yang YANG Qing-xia WU Kai-xian HE Shu-ran ZHAO Ping ZHANG Xiao-zhuo LONG Guang-qiang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Resources and Environment Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;2. Yunnan Scientific Observation Station for Cultivated Land Conservation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Kunming 650201, China;3. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;4. Yunnan Lüzhiyuan Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Kunming 650699, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】The effects of application rate reduction based on slow-release urea on maize yield and soil nutrient supply were discussed in order to provide the theoretical and practical basis for fertilization reduction and efficiency improvement in maize cultivation.【Method】Based on conventional nitrogen(N) fertilizer application(common urea at a N rate of 250 kg/ha), field plot experiments of common urea and slow-release urea application with a N reduction of 20% and 40% were conducted in this study. Soil N supply and crop N absorption dynamics, photosynthetic characteristics, activity of key enzymes for N assimilation and yield composition were measured for evaluating the potential of slow-release N fertilizer in N reduction and efficiency improvement under maize plantation.【Result】Compared with conventional Nfertilizer application, the 20% reduction of common urea and slow-release urea did not significantlydecrease the maize yield(P>0.05) but significantly increased the harvest index(P<0.05, the same below). Maize yield significantly reduced by 20.6%-22.5% at 40% N reduction relative to conventional N-fertilizer application. The shoot N uptake was significantly reduced in all N reduction treatments, and the root N uptake in 20% N reduction with slow-release urea was significantly higher than that in other treatments. Compared with the conventional N-fertilizer application, the apparent N use efficiency, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic N use efficiency of maize leaves were significantly increased by 20% N reduction. After 40% N reduction, the total N uptake, net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic N use efficiency decreased significantly compared with the conventional N-fertilizer application. Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were sensitive to N reduction, and their activities were significantly reduced by 18.6%-61.0% and 13.8%-29.7%, respectively. Compared with the conventional N application, 40% N reduction significantly decreased soil nitrate-N content(except at seedling stage);the treatment of 20% N reduction significantly increased the ammonium-N content at each growth stage. The correlation analysis showed that the yield extremely positively correlated with biomass, harvest index, total N uptake, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic N utilization rate and nitrate-N content at small bell stage, big bell stage, heading stage and maturity stage(P<0.01, the same below), and extremely negatively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration, and significantly negatively correlated with bald tip length, glutamate dehydrogenase, and ammonium-N content at big bell and heading stage. Nitrogen apparent use efficiency was significantly positively correlated with harvest index, extremely negatively correlated with glutamate dehydrogenase activity and significantly negatively correlated with glutamate-oxalacetic transaminase activity.【Conclusion】In maize plantation under the conditions of this study, both common urea and slow-release urea application with 20% N reduction can maintain maize yield, while the 40% N reduction would greatly reduce the yield. One-time application of slow-release urea has no significant advantages in yield and nutrient utilization compared with that of common urea under the same N reduction. The main factors influencing maize yield after N reduction are total nitrogen uptake, photosynthetic N use efficiency and soil nitrate-N content. |
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