Abstract: In order to improve rhizoshpere environment in cucumber(Cucumis sativus), aeration cultivation of artificial nutrition matrix (Z1) was compared with traditional cultivation of sandy loam(T1) and traditional cultivation of artificial nutrition matrix(CK), and changes in matrix enzyme activities, matrix nutrition contents and matrix physical characteristics were investigated in the experiment. The results showed that Z1 treatment improved matrix ventilation. To 60 days after cultivation, CO2 contents were decreased by 59.81% and 48.21% respectively, and O2 contents were heightened by 13.66% and 5.87% respectively than those of T1 and CK treatment. Main enzyme activities in matrix of Z1 were higher than those of T1 and CK, such as phosphatase (81.88%, 28.53%), invertase (30.12%, 20.54%), dehydrogenase (22.61%, 15.89%) and urease (15.48%, 8.47%), respectively. Matrix nutrition contents were also elevated including available N, available P and available K. Matrix structure of Z1 was improved, total porosity, contents of salt and water in matrix were advanced, and bulk density was reduced. Finally, Z1 treatment increased yield of cucumber by 27.11% and 8.94% respectively than T1 and CK. Therefore, matrix-aeration-cultivation have advantages of saving water and fertilizer, improving matrix environment and heightening yield of cucumber.